Socialist Critique of Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Socialist Critique of Capitalism - Essay Example Furthermore, socialism argues for the collective ownership of the means of production as this prioritizes the common good against individualistic advantage (A Brief Introduction to Socialism from a Non-Marxist, Democratic Libertarian Perspective, n.d.). One can easily recognize that the socialist argument subordinates individual advantage to collective good as this, it is assumed, will overshadow the inherent selfishness of man. Marx was triumphant in his critique against capitalism (Manifesto of the Communist Party, 1847) which was strongly manifested after the 1950s; nations of the Soviet Union, China, Cuba, and Eastern Europe were aptly persuaded to overthrow their existing mode of production and replace it with Marx's communism/socialism that promises a classless society which was rather Utopian at the time and until now. Marx fittingly made use of theories of human nature to cogently deliver his denigration against capitalism. However, Marx did not directly use the term "human nature" but instead applied another concept which was "species-being" or "species-essence". This conception of Marx in relation to human nature was borrowed from the philosophy of Ludwig Feuerbach which submits to both specific human nature and the entire humanity. Marx translated this philosophy as a treatise that declares humans as conscious actors in the unfolding of history and nature itself. In the year 1845, Marx inscribed to the world his belief that the human essence cannot be found in a particular individual but in his association with the larger social relations which he belongs. Logically, this statement points to the insight that the human essence is a fluid concept which is hardwired on the total structure of social relations borne out from a society. He then goes on to assert that the fundamental essence of humans as individuals enmeshed in a particular mode of production is their labor. One of the primary arguments of Marx was that humans are distinguished through their behavior toward production and that this economic activity is their soul. Yet, he did not entirely described "labor" as a perfectly embedded human essence but one that is also the source of oppression, alienation, and private property. He ardently argued that in communism "labor" is an unnecessary human activity and an abhorrent fraction of the material state of societies; whereas in capitalism labor represents the material ex igencies of the few owners of production and the workers themselves were merely caricatures of torment, suffering, and hard work. Moreover, Marx alleged that productive activities which are vital to human nature are only gratifying if executed freely. Under the pretext of capitalism, labor is nothing but a tool of dehumanization and isolation for the providers of the valuable labor. Furthermore, labor performed in capitalism invariably produces alienation of the workers from their own produce. Marx (1932), in his article on historical materialism, used the allegory of a carpenter working on a chair. A carpenter who successfully accomplished an entire chair is more self-fulfilled than the carpenter who only took fractions of work to complete an entire chair. Marx related labor with self-identity thus claiming that in capitalism which is characterized by

The Rules Of The Sociological Method Response Philosophy Essay

The Rules Of The Sociological Method Response Philosophy Essay Over time the study and application of social sciences have become to be viewed differently in comparison to those in the realm of natural sciences. By definition and practise Social sciences rely more on subjective details and inference than do those of the natural sciences which rely on empirical data to derive conclusions. Emile Durkheim sought to establish rules and practises for the methods used to discover new information utilized by the social sciences. With his publication of the book, The Rules of the Sociological Method, Durkheims theory of the social fact was revealed and presented as a practical and workable model for utilization within the discipline of the study of social behaviour. Durkheim goes on within his writings to break down his theory and to outline the different rules. Seemingly the most vital section establishes the Rules for the Constitution of Social Types. Social Types is a significant concept and the section that defines it is most important, this is due to the clarity in which brings it to his thesis and because it aids in relating the theory of social facts to particular societies and species. It is for these reasons that one can clearly see the concept and refinement of social types is the most vital piece to Emile Durkheims theory of social facts. Durkheims theory on Social Facts is based upon the thesis that there is a category of facts which present very special characteristics: they consist of manners of acting, thinking and feeling external to the individual. Which are invested with a coercive power by virtue of which they exercise control over him. This definition shows that Durkheim is focusing on sociology and the main forms of socialization; acting, thinking and feeling and how they control an individual. Along with this definition Durkheim continues to refine his outline that a social fact is a thing that stems from an idea not an idea from a thing.(page 60). From this frame of reference Durkheim further explores the social fact and the many other variables that make up its sum. Durkheim identifies that social facts are divided into two separate groups: normal and pathological. Normal social facts are attributes or characteristics that are found in most if not all of a population, while pathological social facts are found within a limited number of the population and are sometimes only experienced for a brief period of time. With this clarity one can begin to see the importance of social types and its relation to Durkheims thesis as you cannot categorize something as normal or pathological until you are fully aware of its social type. Simply, this is due to the fact that you will not know how common or uncommon a particular social fact may be to a population until it has been identified and categorized. The importance of social types however begins to be more clearly portrayed when analyzing the rules for the constitution of social types. Durkheim implies that human beings are not all the same and suggests many different groups of species exist amongst us. He does his best to distinguish himself from the historian and philosopher who both view society in much different ways. The historian looks at every event and occurrence within society in sequence to that particular time as unique and will not be repeated. On the other hand is the philosopher, who views humans as different groups who are governed by laws and justice. These laws aid in taking humans through the many stages of growth and evolution into more complex and modern societies. Sociology takes a much different view and approach than these two disciplines. Durkheim believes that cities are made up of many different types of species with the inference that many of these species are similar in several ways. Durkheim theorizes that these differences arise within each particular species and calls them social facts affording each a classification accordingly to the particular species. In my frame of reference and after having been exposed to Durkheims concepts I find myself supporting Durkheims views as practical and realistic of the three, in accordance to how society is really made up. The historian sees no relation in anything while the philosopher believes that laws applied to certain societies are what dictate how that society will progress, sociology seems to be a medium to these two schools of thought. Conceptually this shows that social types can be seen in many different ways of thinking and is not limited to sociology or any discipline for that matter. Durkheim uses these social types to apply social facts with this aiding in expl aining how and why certain things occur socially. Durkheim correlates social fact with a very heavy reliance on social types. While Durkheim does an excellent job in outlining and creating his theory regarding social facts, he does encounter some problems. One issue he identifies and discusses is not how many different species there may be, but what exactly is the best way to go about classifying them. Durkheim states, We shall begin by classifying societies according to the degree of organisation they manifest, taking as a base the perfectly simple society or the single-segment society. Within these classes different varieties will be distinguished, according to whether a complete coalescence of the initial segments takes place. Durkheim describes the idea of classifying different societies by their organisation as a whole. Ultimately, categorizing the seemingly more advanced societies as superior in comparison to others that do not appear to be as advanced. There may be some critique given to this idea, that Durkheim may believe a society has little going on while quite the opposite is actually taking place. The term simple is used to describe these lower societies, which one may interpret this classification as labelling this group as primitive. One could say that the difference in language, culture and practice creates a barrier and the automatic classification of simple is wrong. Still I must digress; one can see the importance that this classification has to Durkheims theory. The fact that dependencies exist within these societies makes it so that modern societies must rely on resources and labour that are more complex in comparison to the more simple societies who must also rely on resources and labour fitted to suit their needs. The impact that the social type has can be seen clearly as the theory of the social fact is defined and explained. It is needed to describe and categorize the many different species of people so that the social facts of that particular society may be analyzed and discovered. If it were not for social types, the classification of normal and pathological would cease to exist. This would ultimately make it impossible to accurately identify and outline social facts for specific populations. The social type proves that it is a large division within the theory of the social fact. It is this factor that ultimately ties the different thoughts and ideas together. This is why, for me, I view the concept and utilization of social type as the most vital piece to Emile Durkheims theory of social facts.

Juxtaposing Viewpoints on Genetic Species Revival Essay -- genetic engi

Though it may seem that the issue of species revival through a means of genetic science is a modern idea, similar arguments throughout the past also hold relevance to the modern issue of genetic species revival. To better understand the issue as it becomes more prevalent, it is important to examen different perspectives that span many centuries time, generating new insight on the issue. Examining different perspectives on the perceived human influences on species extinction vs. natural law and lack of adaptability, and give a determination on the ethical implications to society and ecology from the above arguments and philosophies from each viewpoint. Through these key statements, the arguments on genetic species revival can be effectively argued. The premise of the entire argument for and against genetic species revival rests with either the belief in human influences on species, or natural law. Human influences as a cause for species extinction is a recent idea which author Carl Zimmer gives a his main reason for favoring genetic species revival. â€Å"If we’re talking about species we drove extinct, then I think we have an obligation to try to do this† (Zimmer 451). In the authors opinion, human influences trump natural law, which he would consider to be an outdated and non-effective way of looking at how species become extinct. Therefore, because natural law is only a way of looking at how species become extinct, it is not a solution to species extinction. Thus, genetic species revival is the only way which human influences can be combated and the problem of species extinction can be solved. True, human influences may be a new idea ascribed as reason to species extinction. Yet Charles Darwin, an 19th century natural b... ...ophies from each viewpoint. From these statements, the issue of genetic species revival can be argued and a real and ethical solution to the issue derived. Works Cited Darwin, Charles, and David Quammen. On the Origin of Species. New York: Sterling, ! ! 2008. Print.! Leakey, Richard E., and Roger Lewin. The Sixth Extinction: Biodiversity and Its ! ! ! Survival. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1996. Print.! "Marcus Tullius Cicero Quotes." Marcus Tullius Cicero. European Graduate School ! ! EGS, 2014. Web. 16 Mar. 2014.! Parry, Roland L. "Ancient Beasts Roam Spain's Wilderness." NewsDaily.com. Agence ! ! France Presse, 02 Mar. 2014. Web. 16 Mar. 2014. ! Zimmer, Carl. "Bringing Them Back to Life." Good Reasons With Contemporary ! ! ! Arguments. 6th ed. Ed. Lester Faigley and Jack Selzer. San Francisco: Pearson, ! ! 2014. 445-451. Pearson eText. Web. 5 Feb. 2014.!

Country : Czech Republic

It is very important for any student of history and politics of nations to have a deep grasp and understanding of the political, historical, social, economic and structural revolution of nations. This is very important for them to be able to produce an accurate analysis and recommendation of policies. No one will be able come up to an accurate analysis without tracing the history of a particular nation. No two nations are entirely similar.This is why it is necessary for us to study each nation separately to be able to come up with a scholarly and viable set of analysis and recommendation. In this paper, I am are going to review and analyze the Czech Republic. I am going to provide some of the most important and basic information about the Czech Republic including its political framework, ideological status, government arrangement, civic socialization, current issues and other important facts that will be useful for any student of political science in the production of analysis and re commendations for the said country.Constitution The current constitution of the Czech Republic which was ratified in December 16, 1992 and became effective in January 1, 1993 is a consequence of the inability of the former Czech and Slovakia to arrive to document that will be able to come up to a structure and framework that will be able to adopt the inputs of the two republics. As a result, the Czech-Slovak federation was dissolved and decided to go on their own ways (Country Review 34). IdeologyAs a former communist country that is under the sphere of the Soviet Union, the Czech Republic experienced first hand the disadvantages of the said system. As the Soviet collapsed and lose the hold to the Czechs, the republic adopted a western style of governance with democracy and liberalism as the most important foundations in the structure and arrangement of the government and its economy. Government Model and Currency The Czech Republic is democratic state with a parliamentary governmen t.It is governed by the Constitution of the Czech Republic and the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms that had been around since 1993. It is one of the most well developed post- Communist state up to date. A former centrally planned economy modeled from the USSR, the Czech Republic today is a thriving market economy that is open and taking advantage of the investments that came from foreign investors. The republic is now a member of the European Union. However, its currency remains to be Czech koruna despite its advantageous position by shifting to Euro.(Central Intelligence Agency) Political System, Political Parties, Party Structures There are numerous political parties or political clubs in the Czech Republic. They consist of the major and minor players in the houses. The major groups are Civic Democratic Party Parliamentary Club which is a center-right and euroskeptic party and Czech Social Democratic Party Parliamentary Club which is characterized by its major inclinati on to the left side of the spectrum.Some of the minor players are the Bohemia and Moravia Communist Party Parliamentary Club which is also a extreme left party and a product of the former communist party in the republic, Christian and Democratic Union which is a conservative and Christian party and a part of the government coalition, the Green Party Parliamentary Club is a centrist party whose majority of the support came from major cites like Prague, the capital of the republic. (Kabelova, House of Parliaments) Electoral Process As a parliamentary, the civic population will elect their representatives that will hold the office in the Chamber of Senate and Senate.The suffrage in the Czech Republic is 18 years old. These public elected officials will elect the head of the government from their ranks for the next five years by absolute majority vote. (Country Review 35-37) Executive Branch The head or the leader of the executive branch of the Czech Republic is called president. The cu rrent president of the Czech Republic is President Vaclav Klaus which was elected and came in to power in March 7, 2003. The president is elected by the Parliament and is legible to hold the office for five years.The president is also allowed to govern for two terms. Vaclav Claus was reelected in February 15, 2008 and scheduled to govern until 2013 (CIA World Fact Book). Vaclav Claus was a member and the founder of Civic Democratic Party, a center-right party in the Czech Republic and is known for his euroskepticism (i. e. skepticism to the structure and policies of the integration of Europe by the European Union). (Country Review 16-17) Legislative Branch The highest law making body in the Czech Republic is known as the Parliament of the Czech Republic.It is composed of two separate houses namely the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The Senate is comprised with 81 seats that are elected by the citizens of the republic. They are to hold the office for six years. On the other hand , the Chamber of Deputies is comprised of 200 seats that are elected to serve for four years. Both of the legislative houses possess the power to initiate the formulation and legislation of laws. They are also tasked to elect the president by a vote characterized with absolute majority for the two chambers.They can also passed a motion or vote of no-confidence to the government with an absolute majority votes that will derail the power to the elected government and shall make room for a new election. (Country Review 35-36) Judicial Branch The Judicial branch of government in the Czech Republic is composed of a Constitutional Court, a Supreme Court, a Supreme Administrative Court, high, regional and district courts. The president is tasked to appoint 15 judges of the CC that will hold the office for 10 years. (Kabelova, Courts of Law)Political Socialization and Political Participation In terms of its native citizens, the Czech Republic had managed to retained the former wide practice of civilian accessibility to the government. There is an open door policy in the different offices of government wherein citizens can talk to officials first hand. Town meetings are also common wherein citizens conduct scheduled meetings with their head of municipalities and cities once in a while. (Migration Policy Index) Recent Issues High level of corruption in the government offices in the Czech Republic poses a major concern.There are many surveys that conclude the that the public does not trust the officials in the government including many political parties. One agency even released a report that only 18 percent of the population trust the government officials and the political parties. Other studies tackles the continuous decrease of government effectiveness since the mid 1990s. Despite the numerous claims and allegations of corruption in the government, there is no conviction of high level officials for committing corruption. (US. Department of State)With this problem, the government must establish an independent body that will put the suspects to trials. The body should possess the capability to convict the suspects to prison or other punishments. Also, the body should be structurally and legally arranged to be immune as much as possible to the influence of the outside influences. On the other hand, the migrants in the Czech Republic are experiencing unfair treatment in relation to its native counter parts. There is no effective electoral rights for the migrants in the Czech Republic. Their political liberties are limited.The migrants are only consulted through a representative who was appointed by the government. Migrants cannot form their own association unless there is a considerable number of Czech natives. No foreigners, including EU citizens can join Czech political parties. (Migration Policy Index) There is also a growing concern in relation to the discrimination of women on the Czech Republic. Under the law, men and women are regarded as equ al in all aspects including family law, property law and the judicial system. Women in the Czech Republic can be found more often in the lower median salary.Women's salary in the republic is less than 25 percent when compared to their men counterparts. Women are more likely to be unemployed when compared to men. Lastly, there is only a small population of women who were given senior positions in the government and in the corporate world. (US. Department of State) As a member of the European Union, the EU must increased its awareness on the rampant inequality in the Czech Republic. It must exercise its administrative and economic edge to convince the government to adopt a more migrants/foreigner friendy policies.Unless there is no pressure from the outside, we cannot expect any changes to be adopted by the Czech government. Evaluation No one can deny the development of the Czech Republic after its shift to a liberal democratic system. However, despite this achievements, we cannot als o take for granted the shortfalls and limitation of the government in many important aspects – those I stated above. Most of this problems can be rooted to the Czech Republic's communist past that can be still engraved in some parts of the population. After all, a single generation only had passed since the shift of the Czech Republic from a communist structure.In this sense, we conclude that the achievements and developments that had been achieved by the Czech Republic cannot be undermined with its shortfalls. As it always stated, changes is impossible overnight. In many cases, for these problems and limitation to be corrected, time and effort is needed. As long as the officials and the citizens of the Czech Republic take in mind their problems and limitation, we can expect a more developed Czech Republic, not only in economic conditions but also on to its social, political and structural conditions. ConclusionIn this paper, we had discussed the different important aspects a nd information of the Czech Republic ranging from its political, economical and structural conditions. With these information in hand, we had been able to address the issues and problems in the republic. With the factual information and scholarly assessment that we had gathered, we had been able to come up to recommendations that are more likely to work due to its reliance to factual information. Once again, we had improved the importance of the knowledge and understanding of a specific country for us to come up to a viable and accurate analysis and recommendations.Works Cited Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook: Czech Republic. 2010. Web. Accessed 23 May 2010. Country Watch. Country Review: Czech Republic. Country Watch. 2010. Web. Accessed. 23 May 2010. Kabelova, Andrea. Czech Republic Political System. Legislative, executive and judicial power in the Czech Republic. 2010. Web. Accessed 23 May 2010. Migration Policy Index. Czech Republic – Political participatio n. Strategic thinking on equality and mobility. 2010. Web. Accessed 23 May 2010. U. S. Department of State. Czech Republic: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. U. S. Department of State. 2010. Web. Accessed 23 May 2010.

Pollution in China Essay

Introduction China, with its rapid industrialisation seems to have paid its price by witnessing steeply rising levels of pollution. With millions of largely unregulated industries, the vast rivers, streams and lakes have become easy avenues for chemical, textile and tanning industries to discharge their toxic contents at will. The paper discusses the pollution in China, its impact on the environment and how it has affected the lives of people.   An Overview of Pollution in China   A report by the World Bank (China 2007) has pointed out that China is facing increased levels of pollution that has kept pace with the rising industrialisation of rural China. The report points out that the use of energy in China has went up by 70 % between 2000 and 2005. The use of coal has also increased by 75% and this has created a corresponding increase in the air pollution. The report points out that China’s emissions of SO2 and soot were respectively 42 percent and 11 percent higher making it the largest polluter in the world. The report also points out that pollution of water, rivers, lakes has also increased to alarming levels. Water pollution is also a cause for serious concern and during 2001 and 2005, about 54 percent of the seven main rivers in China contained water deemed unsafe for human consumption. The report points out that the economic burden of premature mortality and morbidity due to air pollution was157.3 billion Yuan in 2003, or 1.16 percent of by WHO. The report suggests that pollution costs China more than 147 billion Yuan a year in the form of increased health related costs. A report from CBS news says â€Å"China’s air pollution seems like a problem just for that country, think again. The stuff spewing out in China has now been detected in the United States, and some suspect it’s beginning to affect the U.S. climate China’s far-reaching dust and soot cloud travelling to the West Coast hits Hawaii first, and that may be why temperatures in Hawaii are rising. A lot of early-computer modelling of Chinese pollution’s effects on the global climate is turning out to be just plain wrong. This is why a massive new study with ground and air monitoring across Asia starts next year† (Yinchaun, 31 March 2000). Following table shows the air quality in China Table 1. Trends in Air Quality in China’s Cities (%) (China, 2007) The following table shows the distribution of particulate matter in air Table 2. Distribution of PM10 and SO2 Levels in 341 Cities, 2003 and 2004 (China, 2007)   The list of pollutants that infect China re provided in the following table. Table 4. List of major pollutants and their categories (China, 2007)   Clare (Clare D’Souza, 2002) reports that â€Å"Energy consumption, especially coal consumption, is the main source of air pollutants such as particles, SO2, NOx, and CO in most cities of China. As the primary energy source, coal has accounted for about 65 to 70 percent (China Statistical Yearbook 2004) of total energy consumption in recent years, which has caused many environmental and human health problems. Crude oil consumption has been increasing because of the rapid expansion of the motor vehicle fleet in many cities. In recent years, epidemiological studies conducted around the world have demonstrated that there are close associations between air pollution and health outcomes. PM10 and SO2 are chosen in many studies as the indicative pollutants for evaluating the health effects of ambient air pollution. Although the mechanisms are not fully understood, epidemiological evidence suggests that outdoor air pollution is a contributing cause of morbidity and mortality. Epidemiological studies have found consistent and coherent associations between air pollution and various outcomes, including respiratory symptoms, reduced lung function, chronic bronchitis, and mortality†. The author suggests that industry â€Å"size† is controversial with respect to environmental issues. In some studies large enterprises have been deemed to be more pollution intensive in comparison with small enterprises. The author reports that small enterprises as being more environmentally friendly due to their size and found small plants to be far more pollution intensive because they are difficult and costly to regulate. Empirical research has suggested that enterprise size is inversely correlated with emissions intensity in developing countries. World Bank and other institutions have found that small enterprises are pollution intensive (Mani, 1997).   Karshenas (1992 author has pointed that the Winter’s (model of business and the environment may be a more appropriate way of approaching the problem. According to the author, â€Å"enterprises may not have mastered perfection in terms of ecological sustainability but enterprises can make a systematic assessment of the areas where improvements can be introduced. Although Winter goes beyond traditional management theory, the model emphasizes ecologically sound processes and practices right throughout a firm, from company policy, employee relations, supply chain, public relations and marketing. A firm should consider prevention, reduction, recycling and disposal of wastes throughout its operations. They should use sustainable inputs in environmentally friendly manufacturing processes that result in greener outputs (i.e. maintaining environmentally friendly processes for a product from cradle to grave). This would prove to be profitable, provided that the end users, be they industry or consumers, are committed to using green products. Ideally, enterprises should take control of their own operational structure by viewing cleaner manufacturing as a competitive and strategic challenge, they should resort to manufacturing life-cycle analysis, environmental auditing and environmental reporting. The reality is that an enterprise cannot consider making a product ecologically sound without considering how its raw material acquisition, development, manufacturing, distribution, sales and disposal systems impact on the environment. The author suggests that has gone one step further by stating that managers in a green venture start from a different mindset. They recognise that becoming green is an opportunity to establish a unique position in a niche market or, by being able to produce a higher value product with fewer resources, to gain a competitive advantage. He proposed a trisect by which sustainable business is based on the concept of balancing ecological, economic and social factors†..   Action to fight pollution   The government of China has redoubled its efforts in fighting pollution and has organized task forces at the local levels. The structure is shown in the following figure. Figure 1. Main Government Partners in the Project   The report has identified a number of measures to fight pollution and these are displayed in the following table. Table 4. Sectors and Pollutants Included in the CECM (China, 2007) The team has implemented certain steps to fight the pollution and these are illustrated in the following figure.   Figure 2. Flow Chart for Estimating the Economic Cost of Pollution (China, 2007)   The following steps have been proposed: Step 1: Identify the pollution factors, polluted area, and related conditions. Step 2: Determine affected endpoints and establish dose-response relationships for pollution damage. Step 3: Estimate population (or other) exposures in polluted areas. Step 4: Estimate physical impacts from pollution using information from steps 2 and 3. Step 5: Convert pollution impacts in physical terms to pollution costs in monetary terms. Indiscreet reaction by the Chinese government Wang (Wang Xiangwei. 4 Jun 4, 2007) reports that the Chinese government is paranoid about maintaining a good image about China, for fears that it may hurt its business stakes. The author reports that the most convenient way for China to control pollution is by jailing activists who point out the problems of pollution. The author reports about the village of Wuxi and how it was affected by pollution. â€Å"For hundreds of years, Wuxi , on the edge of Tai Lake, was the envy of the nation. In the heart of the Yangtze River delta and known as â€Å"the land of fish and rice†, it was bestowed with fertile land and abundant waterways, and was also home to famous poets, painters and industrialists. Since recently however, the city has become a stinking hell for its five million residents as a blue-green algal bloom from the heavily polluted lake contaminated the city’s tap water, making it foul-smelling and undrinkable. After scrambling for six days with emergency measures, Wuxi officials said yesterday the tap water was drinkable. But the residents, who have relied on bottled water for drinking and cooking, have every reason to be suspicious. Xinhua has reported that after the usual cleaning aids such as activated carbon failed to remove the odour, the city adopted what Mayor Mao Xiaoping called â€Å"a bold move† by pouring huge amounts of potassium permanganate (Condy’s crystals) into water-intake points. This allowed the strong oxidising agent to remove foul-smelling matter from the pipes. But Xinhua failed to explain that potassium permanganate is hazardous and can be a health risk. As the Wuxi officials brazenly claimed credit for winning the battle against the water crisis, none of them yet had the decency to apologise to the suffering residents. All of them have blamed factors beyond their control – higher- than-normal temperatures that helped to foster the growth of the algae, a lack of rain and favourable wind conditions, and the lowest water level in the lake in five decades. In fact, the fundamental cause of the crisis is the lake’s heavy pollution – as several mainland environmentalists have repeatedly warned the authorities in the past decade. Wu Lihong, 39, is one of them. He has spent large sums of his own money over the past 16 years collecting evidence of pollution at Tai Lake, the mainland’s thirdlargest freshwater lake, and petitioning the local authorities to shut down the polluters. Now, with a water crisis on its hands, one would imagine any government that claims to â€Å"put the people first† would give Wu a medal of honour and make him a hero. Instead, Wu, known as the Tai Lake anti-pollution warrior in overseas media, is languishing in jail and awaiting trial on June 12 on trumped-up charges of blackmail. A farmer turned businessman who grew up in Zhoutie town in Yixing – a small, booming industrial city under the jurisdiction of Wuxi – Wu witnessed the lake turn into a cesspit. He then made it a personal crusade to petition authorities to shut down more than 2,000 chemical factories in Yixing that spewed toxic pollutants into the lake every day. By passing the local bureaucracy and filing reports to higher- level government officials has led to limited success he is welcomed, even liked by many central government officials and national media in Beijing. In 2005, he was chosen as one of mainland’s top 10 environmentalists and honoured at a ceremony in the Great Hall of the People. But he incurred the wrath of local officials and has been constantly harassed by local policemen, officials and thugs. He was arrested again in April on charges of blackmail after the local officials set a trap for him. They offered him 40,000 yuan for a mission to attract investment from other mainland cities, and then laid charges of blackmailing the authorities. His lawyer, Zhu Xiaoyan , said that Wu had told her that he was whipped while in custody, and she was not allowed to see him until more than six weeks after his arrest. Like Gao Yaojie , a retired Henan doctor who refused to keep quiet about Aids, Wu has refused to stand down despite the threat of jail. The mainland leadership should learn from the fiasco of trying to muzzle Ms Gao and release Wu immediately†.(Wang Xiangwei. 4 Jun 4, 2007).   Conclusion Pollution in China has assumed the proportion of an epidemic with wide ramifications on the health of the people, the environment, air and water. The paper has presented discussed various aspects of the problem and presented statistics to show the extent of pollution. Certain recommendations have also been made so that the pollution could be averted and reduced to some extent. References China, 2007. Cost of Pollution in China. Retrieved 18 January 2008 from www.worldbank.org/eapenvironment. Clare D’Souza, 2002. The nexus between industrialization and environment. Journal of Environmental Management and Health. Volume 13 Number 1 2002 pp. 80-97 Karshenas, M (1992), â€Å"Environment development and employment: some conceptual issues†, in Bhalla, A.S (Eds),Environment Development and Employment, WEP Study, ILO, Geneva, Mani, M, Pargal, S, Huq, M (1997), â€Å"Does environmental regulation determine the location of new manufacturing?†, World Bank, Washington, DC, Policy Research Working Paper Wang Xiangwei. 4 Jun 4, 2007. Release the man who first raised the alarm about Tai Lake’s pollution China Briefing. South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. P. 5 Xinhua, 26 December 2006. China’s Energy Conditions and Policies. Xinhua News Agency – CEIS. p: 1 Yinchaun. 31 March 2000. A Global Problem: China’s Pollution. Retrieved 18 January 2008 from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2000/03/31/archive/main178697.shtml

Eleanor Roosevelt essays

Eleanor Roosevelt essays Eleanor Roosevelt was a very important woman in our history. She overcame her problems with her husband to help end the Great Depression. She not only worked against the depression but she was a pioneer in the fight for womens rights. She also helped people by writing her daily column My Day which touched many peoples lives. Eleanor Roosevelt was born in 1884 into a wealthy New York family. Eleanors mother was disappointed because Eleanor was not beautiful and graceful. Eleanor developed an inordinate desire for affection and praise (The American Experience) in response to her plain looks and lack of manners Eleanors greatest wish was to please her father (Freedman p. 9) Eleanors father found no fault in her looks, and Eleanor was completely devoted to him. She enjoyed dressing up and dancing for her father and his friends as a young child. (The American Experience) In 1892 Eleanors mother died of diphtheria and Eleanor happily moved in with her father, who she was separated from when her parents were divorced because of her fathers drinking problems. Two years later her father died of alcoholism. Then Eleanor moved in with her grandmother. In 1899 Eleanors grandmother sent her to Allenswood and all girls boarding school in England. There Eleanor began to develop some assertiveness. Then one of he r teachers chose Eleanor to be her traveling partner in Europe, and Eleanor was introduced to a lifestyle of and independent women (The American Experience). She returned home in 1902. Three years later Eleanor fell in love and was married to her fifth cousin Franklin Roosevelt. Shortly after Roosevelt and Eleanor were married Franklins over protective mother, started to control Eleanor. I was beginning to be and entirely dependent person, Eleanor said, Someone always to decide everything for me. (The America...

Farming and Agriculture Post World-War II

Farming and Agriculture Post World-War II By the end of World War II, the farm economy once again faced the challenge of overproduction. Technological advances, such as the introduction of gasoline- and electric-powered machinery and the widespread use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, meant production per hectare was higher than ever. To help consume surplus crops, which were depressing prices and costing taxpayers money, Congress in 1954 created a Food for Peace program that exported U.S. farm goods to needy countries. Policy-makers reasoned that food shipments could promote the economic growth of developing countries. Humanitarians saw the program as a way for America to share its abundance. Launching the Food Stamp Program In the 1960s, the government decided to use surplus food to feed Americas own poor as well. During President Lyndon Johnsons War on Poverty, the government launched the federal Food Stamp program, giving low-income people coupons that could be accepted as payment for food by grocery stores. Other programs using surplus goods, such as for school meals for needy children, followed. These food programs helped sustain urban support for farm subsidies for many years, and the programs remain an important form of public welfare - for the poor and, in a sense, for farmers as well. But as farm production climbed higher and higher through the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, the cost of the government price support system rose dramatically. Politicians from non-farm states questioned the wisdom of encouraging farmers to produce more when there was already enough - especially when surpluses were depressing prices and thereby requiring greater government assistance. Federal Deficiency Payments The government tried a new tack. In 1973, U.S. farmers began receiving assistance in the form of federal deficiency payments, which were designed to work like the parity price system. To receive these payments, farmers had to remove some of their lands from production, thereby helping to keep market prices up. A new Payment-in-Kind program, begun in the early 1980s with the goal of reducing costly government stocks of grains, rice, and cotton, and strengthening market prices, idled about 25 percent of cropland. Price supports and deficiency payments applied only to certain basic commodities such as grains, rice, and cotton. Many other producers were not subsidized. A few crops, such as lemons and oranges, were subject to overt marketing restrictions. Under so-called marketing orders, the amount of a crop that a grower could market as fresh was limited week by week. By restricting sales, such orders were intended to increase the prices that farmers received. This article is adapted from the book Outline of the U.S. Economy by Conte and Carr and has been adapted with permission from the U.S. Department of State.

Conjugation of Conocer

Conjugation of Conocer Conocer, a verb that usually means to know in the sense of knowing a person or place, is sometimes irregularly conjugated in its present tenses and the imperative mood. The stem, conoc-, changes to conozc- when it is followed by an -o or -a. Other verbs following this pattern include agradecer, complacer, crecer, desconocer, desobedecer, florecer, merecer, nacer, obedecer, ofrecer, perecer, pertenecer, preconocer, and reconocer. Irregular forms are show below in boldface. Translations are given as a guide and in real life may vary with context. Infinitive of Conocer conocer (to know) Gerund of Conocer conociendo (knowing) Participle of Conocer conocido (known) Present Indicative of Conocer yo conozco, tà º conoces, usted/à ©l/ella conoce, nosotros/as conocemos, vosotros/as conocà ©is, ustedes/ellos/ellas conocen (I know, you know, he knows, etc.) Preterite of Conocer yo conocà ­, tà º conociste, usted/à ©l/ella conocià ³, nosotros/as conocimos, vosotros/as conocisteis, ustedes/ellos/ellas conocieron (I knew, you knew, she knew, etc.) Imperfect Indicative of Conocer yo conocà ­a, tà º conocà ­as, usted/à ©l/ella conocà ­a, nosotros/as conocà ­amos, vosotros/as conocà ­ais, ustedes/ellos/ellas conocà ­an (I used to know, you used to know, he used to know, etc.) Future Indicative of Conocer yo conocerà ©, tà º conocers, usted/à ©l/ella conocer, nosotros/as conoceremos, vosotros/as conocerà ©is, ustedes/ellos/ellas conocern (I will know, you will know, he will know, etc.) Conditional of Conocer yo conocerà ­a, tà º conocerà ­as, usted/à ©l/ella conocerà ­a, nosotros/as conocerà ­amos, vosotros/as conocerà ­ais, ustedes/ellos/ellas conocerà ­an (I would know, you would know, she would know, etc.) Present Subjunctive of Conocer que yo conozca, que tà º conozcas, que usted/à ©l/ella conozca, que nosotros/as conozcamos, que vosotros/as conozcis, que ustedes/ellos/ellas conozcan (that I know, that you know, that she know, etc.) Imperfect Subjunctive of Conocer que yo conociera (conociese), que tà º conocieras (conocieses), que usted/à ©l/ella conociera (conociese), que nosotros/as conocià ©ramos (conocià ©semos), que vosotros/as conocierais (conocieseis), que ustedes/ellos/ellas conocieran (conociesen) (that I knew, that you knew, that he knew, etc.) Imperative of Conocer conoce (tà º), no conozcas (tà º), conozca (usted), conozcamos (nosotros/as), conoced (vosotros/as), no conozcis (vosotros/as), conozcan (ustedes) (know, dont know, know, lets know, etc.) Compound Tenses of Conocer The perfect tenses are made by using the appropriate form of haber and the past participle, conocido. The progressive tenses use estar with the gerund, conociendo. Sample Sentences Showing Conjugation of Conocer and Verbs Following the Same Pattern Me encontraba trabajando a tiempo completo y no pude conocer personalmente a los chicos. (I found myself working full-time and wasnt able to get to personally know the boys. Infinitive.) Ha merecido la pena el viaje hasta aquà ­. (The trip to here has been worth the bother. Present perfect.) Esta ciudad no es muy grande, pero todavà ­a no la conozco bien. (This city isnt very large, but I still dont know it well. Present indicative.) Estoy ofreciendo mucho ms que la paz. I am offering much more than peace. Present progressive.)  ¿Alguna vez has querido saber en quà © dà ­a de la semana naciste? (Have you ever wanted to know which day of the week you were born on? Preterite.) Antes los padres mandaban y los chicos obedecà ­an; hoy sus roles estn invertidos. (Before, the parents gave orders and the children obeyed; today, their roles are reversed. Imperfect.) Solo florecemos si nuestras necesidades emocionales estn atendidas. (We will only flourish if our emotional needs are attended to. Future.) No te reconocerà ­a si nos encontrsemos. (I wouldnt recognize you if we were to run into each other. Conditional.)  ¿Cà ³mo reparo algo que pertenezca a otro? (How can I repair something that belongs to someone else? Present subjunctive.) Hubo una gran variedad de penas aplicables a toda persona que desobedeciera el decreto imperial. (There was a great variety of punishments applicable to everyone who disobeyed the imperial degree. Imperfect subjunctive.)  ¡No desobedezcas creyendo que todo estar bien! Dont disobey believing everything is going to be OK! Imperative.)

Accounting 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Accounting 1 - Essay Example The organization had elaborate risk assessment about which every employee was cognizant. The organization conducted risk awareness and emergency response training regularly. Fire extinguishers were regularly checked and replaced and there were notices providing information on what do in the event of a hazard. The management routinely supplied employees with the latest information on common and emergent risks. I realized that the organization monitored and reviewed its internal controls periodically. The petty cash was checked at the end of every week and recommendations given on what to avoid and what to improve. Internal controls that were found ineffective or failing after monitoring were replaced and others were improved in order to enhance their functionality. The organization had a comprehensive yet simple way of reporting risks to the relevant officials in which everybody knew the most immediate person to approach. The organization had good information and communication system in place. The management issued memos in good time when calling for a meeting and every employee was issued with a copy of previous meeting’s minutes with the day’s agenda. The management was respectful in the way it summoned employee for disciplinary action and they did not let other employees know about it. The most outstanding element of the organization’s internal controls was its control activities. The duties of different individuals were separated and every individual knew what they were supposed to do and what to forward to the next person. This was most evident in the accounts department where duties such as approval of purchases, reception of deliveries, approval of invoices, review, and reconciliation of financial records were handled by different people. There were clear procedures for transactional authorization where there were officers entrusted with authorizing purchases and payments. No such transactions could be undertaken

LSBM Research Project Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

LSBM Research Project Report - Assignment Example ..............................................6 Research resources†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 Implementation†¦...................................................................................................8 Data collection and analysis †¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Recommendation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 Report outline 1. Formulation of the research out line 2. Introduction and general background to (LSBM) 3. Identification of the research process 4. Body Identification off the student enrollment problems at (LSBM) Literature review of the possible reasons why (LSBM) has less students Writing a research proposal for the project Preparation of a timetable Matching resources to the different research questions Implementation of research Collection and recording of data Using the best evaluation techniques Interpretation and analysis of the data Recommendations 5. Conclusion Introduction I will begin this essay by looking at how the general plan and strategies of the marketing department is affecting the student population of the school. Being at the centre of London, and having a well financed marketing department, LSBM is expected to have the h ighest number of students who come seeking education in the school. However this is not always the case. Our main question in this essay is to find out if indeed there is a way that the plan and the general strategies of the marketing departments have influenced the student population of the school. What are some of the actions that the school can take to improve the student population in the school and to try to keep the existing students in the school. If there is a problem with the marketing department and their overall marketing strategies, what are some of the things that should be done to help improve their general performance to the school. Different methodologies have been used in this research to collect data and to find out how this data relates with the research question. Research process Marketing process, involves the systematic identification, collection distribution and analysis of data for the purpose of knowing the problem and coming up with a solution. The timing f or performing this research is perfect and we will use quantitative marketing research to come up with the general research methodology and strategy. The strategies that are used here are mostly quantitative since most of the data that we use here is numerical. Factors determining the research project There are lots of influential factors which determine the type of research project to be selected. The main influential factor however is the relevance of the topic of the research paper. A research paper with a more relevant topic has high chances of being selected as compared to a research paper whose topic is completely irrelevant. To know how relevant the topic of a research is, you need to look deeply into the issues which are discussed in the research proposal. If the issues are genuine, then the research qualifies to be chosen. In our case here the most influential factor that has led to the research proj

Taking Risks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Taking Risks - Essay Example bullies, praying hard and asking for divine intervention so that I could pass the tests and achieve passing marks in classes that I knew I was going to fail due its difficulty, wishing that things would get better for my personal life and asking for the guidance of the spirit in order to see where my path truly lay... these were things that I was told should be left up to my faith to solve. Yet no solutions came my way. Life did not get better. It seemed to just continue to get worse. Until one day, I decided to take charge of my life and throw out my religious beliefs. I said â€Å"I am in charge of my destiny, I will create my own path†. Guess what? Life got better. I took charge of my future and chartered the path I wished to take. The improvements were remarkable. All leading me to question what exactly religious belief is for. All religion does is sell a person of bag of goods, then leaves you holding an empty bag. Life has nothing to do with religion. Religion has no influence over a persons life. That is how what I used to believe was finally changed into something that I continue to question to this very

Douglas Holt - how brands become icons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Douglas Holt - how brands become icons - Essay Example Followers are the consumers who value a brand the most. Next are insiders who are somewhat critical to a brand. The author has linked the success of a brand with the cultural understanding of consumers while discussing the theory for the development of iconic brands. Douglas Holt has given some valuable suggestions for development of the branding strategy. The suggestions are based on the in-depth study of the historical records of some key iconic brands, such as, Harley-Davidson, BMW, and Coca Cola. One of the main points that Holt has raised in the book is that brands do not become icons by focusing only on the benefits and functions; rather the more important thing in this regard is to create a valuable place for the brand in the national culture. The author has come up with a new branding model named ‘cultural branding’. Cultural branding is a phenomenon that is applicable to a range of categories in which consumers adopt the use of products as things which can expre ss their identities. Some prime examples of cultural branding are also discussed in the book that can be used to express consumer identity. Some of the main examples include famous places, politicians, musicians, cartoon characters, famous heroes and heroines, and sports stars. Apart from this, the author has asserted that companies need to follow hybrid strategies to create iconic brands, such as, Apple, Harley, and Coke. The author has given example of BMW, which is a renowned automobile company, by saying that the company focuses on cultural branding along with a conventional focus on quality reputation in order to remain on top. The author has given example of Budweiser advertising in the initial chapters to show the role of advertising and marketing in creating iconic brands. Advertising is the key to success of a product in any particular market. If a company succeeds in creating a positive image about its products in the mind of consumers, the ways towards forming an iconic b rand becomes easier. To make a product an important part of the popular culture, companies need to develop and follow such marketing and advertising strategies that can set a high place for the brands in any particular society or culture. In the book, the author has proposed three key principles that validate the creation of an iconic brand. The first principle given by the author is that iconic brands are those which are able to deal with the severe contradictions in society. Iconic brands go beyond the functional benefits by grouping the collective desires of people of the society. Next principle is that iconic brands inject a sense of independence and strength in the mind of consumers. Such words are used in the ads that make a person escape from the realities of life. The last principle is that iconic brands work as status symbols for people. For example, a person owning a BMW car and wearing a Rolex watch is assumed top be a successful person in the society and that perception is usually same all over the world. These are the principles that are mentioned in the book by Douglas Holt that confirm the value of a brand as an iconic brand. The author has used the case studies of some of the most famous iconic brands to support the proposed principles regarding development of iconic brands. The main point raised in the book is that cultural understanding is the factor that plays the most vital role in building an iconic brand. Moreover, it is also

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

No topic - Essay Example The third image describes international anarchy and world politics and highlights the results of the first and second images (Slantchev 1). Where many sovereign nations protect their own interests, pursue their grievances and ambitions with no law dictating their mode of association, the world war 11 was inevitable. The third image stipulates the lack of a central authority or arbitrators in international relations. Many countries go the extent of using power, force, or violence to achieve their ends. Hence, all nations arm themselves because no authority is responsible to avert war. Countries like USSR, and USA only sought to gain and defend their own (Slantchev 1). Hence, with nobody preventing them from using force, the World War II resulted. Indeed, the powerful nations regard the international system of governance as anarchist and thus have no respect for it. This lack of respect led to overstepping of mandates and disrespects of other nations like Japan and Austria hence the war. The third image equally analyzes the balance of power or transitions of power as a source of conflict. Some countries selfishly make balance of power the end of their national policies (Slantchev 1). This objective only results to unresolved conflicts that culminate to war. Additionally, the continued support of ascending nations by their allies as noted in the third image accelerates conflicts. Crave and transition of power has no compromise for peace and hence use of force until the realization of power. These factors as analyzed in the third image of the structural realism theory were the primary causes of the World War II. In conclusion, I find that the third image was fundamental in explaining the structural realism theory and the causes of conflict and World War II. Farugue, Saleha. â€Å"The Three Images: Causes of War in International Relations† Web 20, March 2012.

Written Report for Professor in Chem Department (new gas-phase ion Essay

Written Report for Professor in Chem Department (new gas-phase ion chemistry and mass spectrometric ) - Essay Example In 1999, she received an outstanding Graduate award of Lanzhou University and consequently the same award at the Chinese Academy in 2002. In 2012 at Purdue University, she received a Research foundation faculty international grant. Finally, for her mastery in mass spectrometry, the American society honored her with Mass Spectrometry Research Award (Chem.purdue.edu). On joining Purdue, professor Yu had little information with the use of instrumentation, but quickly she gained mastery of the sophisticated apparatus. Professor Xia, a daughter of high-school chemistry teacher developed her interest in chemistry early life and was further influenced by her father. Her enthusiasm is evident in several interviews whereby she states that she always aspired to be a chemistry researcher and the PdD training proved a genuine pathway to success. She further acknowledges that she always wanted to be a researcher and chemistry Purdue chemistry program is very reputable. (Chem.purdue.edu). Professor Yu’s research focal point is on generating new ways for analyzing carbohydrates and proteins using mass spectrometry and new gas-phase ion chemistry. This bio-analysis process aims to utilize radical reactions as an approach to exploring radical ion chemistry. Her interest and that of the group is to develop tools for bio-molecular structural clarification through instrumentation, bio-radical chemistry and MS method of development. Through instrumentation, Xia and group develop mass spectrometry systems for executing bimolecular reactions in both a linear trap and plume sections of nano-electrospray source. These ranges of apparatus enable research transition from the radical attack study of biomolecules to the analytical study (Chem.purdue.edu). In terms of bio-radical chemistry, radical ions can be formed in the gas phase on principle of radical reactions.

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

No topic - Essay Example The third image describes international anarchy and world politics and highlights the results of the first and second images (Slantchev 1). Where many sovereign nations protect their own interests, pursue their grievances and ambitions with no law dictating their mode of association, the world war 11 was inevitable. The third image stipulates the lack of a central authority or arbitrators in international relations. Many countries go the extent of using power, force, or violence to achieve their ends. Hence, all nations arm themselves because no authority is responsible to avert war. Countries like USSR, and USA only sought to gain and defend their own (Slantchev 1). Hence, with nobody preventing them from using force, the World War II resulted. Indeed, the powerful nations regard the international system of governance as anarchist and thus have no respect for it. This lack of respect led to overstepping of mandates and disrespects of other nations like Japan and Austria hence the war. The third image equally analyzes the balance of power or transitions of power as a source of conflict. Some countries selfishly make balance of power the end of their national policies (Slantchev 1). This objective only results to unresolved conflicts that culminate to war. Additionally, the continued support of ascending nations by their allies as noted in the third image accelerates conflicts. Crave and transition of power has no compromise for peace and hence use of force until the realization of power. These factors as analyzed in the third image of the structural realism theory were the primary causes of the World War II. In conclusion, I find that the third image was fundamental in explaining the structural realism theory and the causes of conflict and World War II. Farugue, Saleha. â€Å"The Three Images: Causes of War in International Relations† Web 20, March 2012.

Special Education Comprehensive Essay Exam Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Special Education Comprehensive Exam - Essay Example Within the context of the stated, one of the primary challenges to inclusion is scepticism and the attitude of general education teachers. The said challenges are amply evidenced in the case study, whereby two of John's teachers are, to some degree, do not understand why John should be included in their classes, of what possible benefit his inclusion could be and how to assess his learning or progress. Needless to say, John's cognitive, if not motor, impairment has the potential to contribute to the said scepticism. At the same time, John's willingness to participate and the obvious enthusiasm he expressed during history classes underscore the degree to which inclusion in GE classes has the potential to constructively contribute to John's academic development. This potential can only be realized, however, if inclusive values are promoted and John's teachers organize and deliver instructions. As indicated in the case study, two of John's teachers are somewhat opposed to inclusion, these being Mr. Johnson and Mr. Hardy; two are ambivalent, these being Mrs. Smith and Ms. Fuquay, in that while they are not opposed to John's inclusion, do not appear willing to really go out of their way to accommodate him. In fact, apart from Mr. Eagerhart who is working with a special educator and teaching to a primarily special needs group, only Ms. Chang is enthusiastic. The implication here is that across John's classes, there are varying attitudes towards his inclusion, thereby underscoring the imperatives of promoting inclusive values. The promotion of inclusive values, as will be illustrated through reference to the relevant literature, is predicated on the school's embracing inclusivity. A positive and supportive school philosophy towards inclusion and students with disabilities is crucial for a successful inclusion program (Baird, 1990; Emerson & Maddox, 1997; Salisbury et al., 1993; Simpson, Myles & Simpson, 1997; Stainback et al., 1992; Webber, 1997). Thus, a positive classroom climate should be established. A positive classroom climate is one that is accepting of individual differences and promotes the idea that all students, including students with disabilities, should have the same access to knowledge, growth, achievement, success and belonging (Webber). When teachers and faculty communicate about a student with a disability, he or she should be referred to by name, grade level or subject area without mention of a disability label (Montie et al., 1992). According to Simpson et al. (1997), inclusion programs can be successful only to the extent that they foster an educational environment in which students with disabilities are socially integrated and experience acceptance. However, they

Causes effects and solutions to sexual abuse

Causes effects and solutions to sexual abuse Sexual violence manifests sexually aggressive acts by the use of Physical, or mental force which reduces a person to an inferior position to impose sexual conduct against their will. This is an act that fundamentally seeks to bring the body to a weak point and go against the will of the person. Sexual violence has many forms: Access or harassment on the street, at work, at home, at school, in school, at college, etc. Rape Sexual exploitation Sexual abuse of boys and girls Prostitution Pornography Sexual violence is a clear stigma of degradation of the spirit of a society completely ignorant. The degree of aggression that coexists in every case of sexual violence is incredibly frustrating. Nowadays there are so many acts of vandalism that exist that it s impossible to control. Acts that can only be described as authentic aberrations are now growing even dizzying pace (at the expense of the security issues) and they are getting worse, these acts are undoubtedly sexual assaults. Both women and men are victims of sexual abuse. In Australia, conservative estimates indicate that one in every 11 children and one in four girls have undergone some form of sexual abuse before age 18. Men are the perpetrators of most cases of sexual violence (97 percent), but men are a significant proportion of all victims: 26 percent of children under 18 years. Research recently conducted in the United States suggest that up to 20 percent of men suffered sexual abuse in childhood. Additionally, we recognize the incidence of sexual assault against adult men. Sexual assault takes many forms, including child sexual abuse, rape, sexual harassment, incest and other forms of rape in which the victim is never at fault. The responsibility lies with the offender and in our society, a society that allows and promotes sexual violence. There are numerous acts of aggression towards children that have emerged in recent years a favorite of these criminals, twisted minds and lacking in common sense. Such situations cause to the victim, in most cases, psychological disturbances that are often irreparable. Physically and also affected the worst, brutally murdered, which is becoming more common today. Generally, those who commit such acts are affected mentally, and if I say generally because in many cases these crimes are committed in full knowledge of the damage, and have no qualms about the damage hauled to the victim. As already indicated sexual assault are mainly oriented towards women, which are clearly the object of desire of the obsessive mind of these criminals do not care who commit such acts of violence, in order to satisfy their instinctive desires in a way appalling and without any scruples. The worst thing is that these people, if not arrested the first time, will re-offending again. Sexual abuse includes both touching offenses (fondling or sexual intercourse) and nontouching offenses (exposing a child to pornographic materials) and can involve varying degrees of violence and emotional trauma. (Sexual abuse, ) In fact our safety is compromised by such actions, which are clearly of concern to everyone. Resort to murder after a violation for the sole reason to hide evidence, when in fact what they try to hide is the ugliness of their own acts, which are conscious and torment them. In an extremely liberal society, they have been the consequences that after all prevent us from having that true freedom that we boast, and that robs us of every hack of sexual violence. This type of violence, which only serves to create panic in society and rob security standard that we should belong. Our society, outraged, accusing various elements of what is happening, though science is not certain there are some factors that cause these acts, because to do so or not in the ideals of each person. However, attempts to show that there are a number of things that malformation the minds of people, especially children and adolescents, and possibly be true, because what is done and you learn ends up being what we do. Sexual violence is the product of the high life of man, which led him to desire to enjoy life totally wrong 2. Sexual Abuse in Children When a child tells an adult who has been sexually abused, the adult may be very uncomfortable and may not know what to say or do. You should follow the following suggestions to respond to children who say they were sexually abused: What to Say If the child in any way indicates that it has suffered sexual abuse, encourage them to talk freely about what happened. Do not make judgmental comments. Show that you understand and take very seriously what he says. The child and adolescent psychiatrists have found that children who have nobody understand them much better than those who do not. The initial response to the revelation of sexual abuse is critical to the childs ability to resolve and heal the trauma of sexual abuse. Reassure your child that he was right to say it. If your child has a close relationship with the abuser, may feel frightened if he has threatened to harm him or his family as punishment for telling the secret. Tell the child that he / she are not to blame for sexual abuse. Most children try to understand the abuse and think that they caused the abuse or imagine that is a punishment for bad things (real or imagined) they did. Finally, offer the child protection, and promise that you will promptly ensure that the abuse stops. Parents should consult with your pediatrician or family doctor, who may refer them to a doctor who specializes in the evaluation and treatment of sexual abuse. The doctor who examined the child can assess your condition and treat any physical problem related to the abuse, may also obtain evidence that will help protect the child and ensure that all is well. Usually, the child must also have a psychiatric evaluation to determine how it has affected the sexual abuse and determine if you need professional help to overcome the trauma of abuse. The child and adolescent psychiatrist can also help other members of the family may be upset by the abuse. Although most of the abuse allegations are true, there may be cases of false accusations in child custody disputes or other situations. Occasionally, the court may ask a child and adolescent psychiatrist to help you determine if the child is telling the truth. When the child has to testify, special considerations to reduce your stress, such as the use of video to record the testimony, frequent breaks, exclusion of spectators or the option of not having to look at the accused. Adults, because of their maturity and experience, are always the culprits in cases of abuse. You should never blame the child. When the child makes assumption about sexual abuse, it is important to give support and love, this is the first step to help the child and reestablishing their trust in adults. Pedophilia Child Pornography The pornography child is playing sexually explicit image of a child. This is in itself a form of sexual exploitation of children. Encourage, deceive or force children to pose for photographs or participate in pornographic videos is outrageous and is a disregard for the dignity and self-esteem of children. This means that the body of a child has no value and demonstrates that your body is on sale. Children are deprived of their childhood. Children lose trust in others, particularly in adults, and remain at the mercy of other types of exploitation and can develop a range of post-traumatic stress symptoms such as depression, aggression and violence, loss of self and inclination to self-mutilation. Often their lives end in suicide. Its really difficult to achieve effective implementation of the laws against covert activity. But laws must be applied. They are the final protection of children and so far have not done enough to enact laws or to implement truly effective when they are in force. The sexual abuse and exploitation of children is one of the most vicious crimes conceivable, a violation of mankinds most basic duty to protect the innocent. (Walsh) 3. Sexual Harassment In any case, violence is a case which has several facets, the most worrying, is present in a face somewhat hidden, yet is the most frequent and discussed by all: the sexual harassment. This kind of events occur due to wrong phenomenon that affects our society, the relentless machismo that prevails elsewhere, and that often leads to false ideals of the true conception of life. Sexual harassment includes a range of abuse (usually of men to women), by the wearing short clothes, for example, suggests that men in a consent by women who never actually said. One of the most common is the secretary harassed by her boss often threatened with dismissal and therefore into the jungle of unemployment, if it accepts a set of rules ruthless regarding any type of inappropriate touching. Similarly the young people feel more and more angry, with good reason for the continued harassment they are subjected by the fact of being attractive to older men. Although it must be clear that not only these but also the young who seek to exploit much of its friendship with a girl. We must also mention the existence of many cases of sexual harassment from parents to their minor children. These cases are usually not reported for fear of retaliation, although it should take courage and tell all. These reports are a step hard by the person harassed, but talk is more important than it seems at first glance. 4. Sexual abuse in the marriage or partner Many times we have met with women and men after a time of psychotherapy, for various reasons, and having re-established problems of his personality, such as identity, discrimination, care of themselves, they realize that her husband sexually abused them . Other people know they are leaving abuse and can not react or talk about it. Can not put limits to what they know it is an affront to his person. Examples: Reach a sexual relationship had never really wanted, it is clear that not having loved and not having entered later in a game of seduction and erotic of the two. With the following characteristics in order of severity: physically forced, this is a violation explicit or implicit threats explicitly denied having implicitly denied having do or be doing erotic practices dislikes, does not like or cause displeasure repeatedly having sex without feeling like Having sex or erotic practices or different techniques as an exchange or exchange of certain things is a kind of prostitution. Is knowingly do both or a single person. And in the case may be that both are the abused each suffer attitudes violent fake orgasm Spousal Sexual Assault A penalty of imprisonment as hereinafter provided to any person who engages in nonconsensual sexual intercourse with your spouse or former spouse, or the person cohabiting or has cohabited, or takes or who has a consensual relationship or the person with whom he fathered child in any of the following circumstances If it has been compelled to engage in sexual conduct through the use of force, violence, intimidation or threat of immediate serious bodily harm, or If you have canceled or substantially reduced, without their consent their ability to resistance by means of hypnotics, narcotics, depressants or stimulant substances or similar means to you, or If illness or mental disability, temporary or permanent person was the person unable to understand the nature of the act at the time of its completion, or Whether or induces by forces that abuse and / or psychological violence to a spouse or cohabitant to participate or engage in unwanted sexual intercourse with a third party. The penalty imposed for this crime, except the modality referred to in subsection (a) of this section, shall be imprisonment for a fixed term of fifteen years. Aggravating circumstances, the fixed penalty may be increased to a maximum of twenty years, there were extenuating circumstances, and may be reduced to a minimum of ten years. The penalty imposed for the type of crime referred to in subsection (a) of this section, shall be imprisonment for a fixed term of thirty years. Aggravating circumstances, the fixed penalty may be increased to a maximum of fifty years, there were extenuating circumstances, and may be reduced to a minimum of twenty years. When the mode of the offense described in subsection (a) of this Article is committed while the offender has entered the home of the victim without her consent or a house or residential building, Where the victim or to the patio, land or parking area of these, and when the spouses or cohabitants were broken or residing in different homes or who initiated an action legal divorce, the punishment of crime shall be imprisonment for a fixed term of sixty years. Aggravating circumstances, the fixed penalty may be increased to a maximum of ninety-nine years of extenuating circumstances, may be reduced to a minimum of forty years. The court may impose a sentence of restitution in addition to the penalty of imprisonment provided for in any of the aforementioned modalities. 5. Female Domination This erotic game is basically a change in traditional roles (or at least once traditional) passivity submission by women and dominance aggression initiative by the man during the development of sexual activities and especially during games erotic and practice many couples enjoy a stimulating aperitif prior to consummation of sexual intercourse itself. Female Dominance in the game is to implement a very common erotic fantasy for many men and many women: that women dominate, command, is the lady who loves her man ordered to do whatever she says, and man in turn assume the role of a servant, slave or prisoner giving his freedom and willingness to women, will strive to fulfill her orders for the duration of the game. In that game, which can last a few minutes before the sexual act or continue for hours or even days, she can take on roles such as those of love (the most common and comprehensive), goddess, mistress, employer-patron , boss, secretary or dominant schoolgirl, amazon, etc. and man as the complementary roles of a servant or slave, humble employee, prisoner, and even suffer a reification of what will be treated as an object (chair, polish, ashtray, seat, etc..) which provide pleasurable services his mistress or being animalized and become human or dog horse property of its owner, who knows how to train him to be satisfied in the best way possible. However, the crime is not punished for the sake of the victim who suffers directly, but for the sake of the family that feels that its capacity to utilise the resource (the female body) fully has been compromised. (Os rio, 2005) 6. Sexual Abuse In Men Sexual abuse is a reality in many countries, however, remains taboo. In the past two decades, the movement of women has greatly contributed to open discussion of sexual abuse. This work has enabled basic men who have suffered sexual abuse talk about their experiences and seek help to overcome the trauma of abuse. The sexual abuse has devastating consequences for victims, including those that survive. The victims must fight to overcome the emotional and social effects of the trauma they have suffered. A Culture of Silence It is particularly difficult for children and men reveal that they were sexually assaulted. Our society conditions us to believe that men should always be in control of their emotions, other people and their environment. They are taught to define themselves as men by the degree to which they can meet with success this control. As a result, most men are not believed to be a victim and especially not in the sexual arena. When this happens often provokes a strong emotional shock, being something so far from the normal experience of men. Not only is it difficult for men to accept being sexually assaulted, but likely to live in silence, since the reactions of others enhance the feeling of being victimized. As the survivor finds it hard to believe what has happened, but other people respond with disbelief. If a man reveals he was sexually abused, often punished further when his manhood and sexual orientation are questioned. Sexual assault is a form of violence in which the sex is used as a weapon against the person who was abused. As a result, most male survivors are concerned to some extent their sexuality, whether in relation to our male identity, our position among men, the masculinity of our behavior, our sexual preferences, frequency and sexual satisfaction of our business or our capacity for sexual intimacy. These problems affect our daily lives, often for years after the abuse ended. Generally, people assume that when a man sexually attacked or violated another man, the offender and the victim is gay is too. These notions, popular but misguided, rooted in the myth that sexual assault primarily seeks sexual gratification, and people ignore the issues of power and control. Research has shown that most men who attack other men have a heterosexual orientation and that most survivors of sexual violence are also heterosexual. Assume that the offenders are homosexuals protect and relieve the offender heterosexual and unfairly raise suspicion and blame to the community homosexual. Assume that the victim is homosexual has negative consequences for the survivor, who, regardless of whether heterosexual or homosexual, will suffer the social stigma of being considered homosexual, as well as the feeling of guilt for the attack. This guilt is based on the inability to clearly distinguish between sex with consent or without consent. Although sexual abuse creates confusion and concern about sexuality, sexual preference does not determine the survivor. It is only the survivor, not the offender, who determines their sexual preferences and who is willing to have sex. From Victim to Offender? Men who were sexually abused as children respond to abuse in a variety of ways. Some would overwhelm both the devastating effects of abuse they suffered in their lives who have firmly decided to help the world more secure. So, ensure that, as parents, the relationship with your children and children to be responsible and free abuse, are dedicated to service of humanity, learning skills of assertiveness and communication or fighting social injustice through activism. Other survivors are still seeing themselves as helpless victims, and continually struggle to survive day after day. Lack the capacity and willingness to abuse others, and are often subject to further abuse. Many of the offenders are male, but sexual assault against men or children can also be and is perpetrated by women. It is important to recognize that some men and children have been sexually abused by one or more women, and being well worthy of support.

Exploring Social Marketing Strategies in Addressing Fetal Alcohol Spect

There are various health disorders, and diseases that can be either preventable or non-preventable within communities. One disorder that can potentially be preventable is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) (Idrus & Thomas, 2011). FASD is an, â€Å"umbrella term that encompasses the following disorders: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Alcohol Related Neurological Disorder, and Alcohol Related Brain Disorder† (Saskatchewan Prevention Institute (SPI), 2009, p. 4). For the purpose of this paper the writer will use the umbrella term, FASD. FASD is caused by the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy (SPI, 2009). Approximately 9.1 out of 1000 births have FASD in Canada (SPI, 2009). Therefore, presenting as a significant problem that affects many communities. Health ramifications of a person with FASD are life long. FASD effect’s all the determinants of health (DOH) in some form. A newspaper article was the underlying motive for the topic FASD and can be viewed in the Appendix. This paper will explore three DOH: social environment, income and social status, and healthy child development with relation to the impact on FASD. Subsequently suggesting proposed strategies in addressing FASD to improve population health. Determinants of Health Social Environment Social environment refers to the resources and support found in communities that help people improve or avoid health risks (Stanhope, Lancaster, Jessup-Falcioni, & Viverais-Dresler, 2008). Some females may participate in environments where social or binge drinking occurs often, such as going for a few drinks after work, the female maybe unaware of the effects of minimal alcohol on the fetus (SPI, 2009). Another example of the effect of the social... ...owledge and awareness of FASD in the general public (Riley et al., 2010). The negative aspect of these campaigns is the lack of behavioural change that was evaluated (Riley et al., 2010). As the goal of all of these campaigns was to decrease or cease alcohol consumption in pregnant women, this is an important implication (Riley et al., 2010). FASD is a disorder that can be potentially preventable in collaboration with a community. The social environment, income and social status, and healthy child development all influence FASD. Both social marketing and primary prevention strategies are effective and should be utilized to raise awareness and decrease/cease FASD in newborns. By incorporating proper messaging themes and collaborating techniques for the awareness campaigns shown, will help improve not only FASD, but also the health of the entire population.

Macbeth - Character Changes :: essays research papers

"This dead butcher and his fiend like queen", is the way in which Malcolm describes Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Describe the way in which these two characters changed during the course of the play. At the beginning of the play Macbeth is seen as a courageous soldier who is loyal to the King but is corrupted from the witches prophecies and by his and Lady Macbeth’s ambition. This is because of the weakness of Macbeth’s character and the strong power of Lady Macbeth and how she is easily able to influence him. Her strength motivates him at the start but after he realises what he has done it is himself that continues in his murderous, bloody path. At the beginning of the play Lady Macbeth appears as a kind wife of Macbeth’s but underneath lies a scheming and treacherous woman. In the beginning of the play Macbeth is a strong soldier who fights for the King without mercy but his strive for ambition and his curious nature leads him to the witches who give him a prophecy. Banquo realises that there must be a trick hidden in the witches prophecies somewhere but Macbeth refuses to accept that, and when Lady Macbeth finds out about the witches her strong desire for ambition and her cold nature leads Macbeth astray. Macbeth is a little ambitious at first, but Lady Macbeth’s far exceeds his and so she is able to get Macbeth to agree with her to kill King Duncan. Macbeth still has a conscience at this stage because he is very hesitant about killing the King but his weak nature over comes him. He has a conscience throughout the entire play as this is seen by the hallucinations of the dagger and the ghost of Banquo and his vivid imagination and his constant worry also provokes him. This is also evident in his terrible dreams which gives the solid theme that he has indeed "murdered sleep". Throughout the play we see the character of Macbeth change not from just the way he thinks and what we hear from the play, but from the actions he takes in the play, from killing Banquo, then having Lady Macduff and her children murdered, shows the insecurity that was present in Macbeth. After the murder of Duncan Macbeth becomes paranoid and his first step of killing the guards is one of many that Macbeth takes to secure himself.

Reading Maketh a Full Man Essay

Did you know that there are nearly 800 million people around the world today who cannot read? All 320 of us can, but so many others can’t. And that’s when we realize just how important reading really is. Good morning, respected judges, teachers and dear friends. My name is Merlin Raphael and I’m here to talk about how reading makes a man. There was a time, without any screens, when reading was a popular leisure activity. People would spend hours reading and travelling to distant, exotic lands -in their minds, with only a leather bound book. But somewhere along the road, the passion to read is lost. And that’s just sad because reading offers a completely new life. Sir Francis Bacon, once said, and I quote, â€Å"Reading maketh a full man.† And he couldn’t be more correct. Reading involves a considerable level of concentration and thus, nurtures patience. Such an indulgence constantly elevates one’s vocabulary and knowledge. In fact, the habit can become a healthy addiction and helps us to stay in-touch with contemporary writers as well as those from the past. It also helps us to deal with issues of the modern world. Reading different types of texts make an even fuller man. What I mean is that he kind of knowledge you get from news articles is very different from reading stories. Being ignorant can be prevented with reading. It opens this huge wooden window and we finally start understanding other people and their lives. And a deeper awareness leads to tolerance and respect, creating a more civilized society. Furthermore, when one is caught up in a book, one comes across an array of emotions and somewhere in the middle; we find the sheer happiness of the reader. Lack of reading in one’s life can hinder gaining new knowledge, professional growth and the pure pleasure of reading. After all, no reading might even disturb one’s integrity. According to Confucius, we must find time for reading or surrender to â€Å"self-chosen ignorance†. You guys, reading is not merely a process of examining and understanding a text. There is a certain aura of finesse around one who reads. If a person can obtain so much from it, I think it’s safe to say that reading make a man.

Importance of Statistics in Educational Management Essay

To accomplish set goals in an organisation, the school manager or administrator must plan, implement such plans and evaluate success. To do so, the use of statistical data is crucial. In this paper the writer is going to discuss the importance of statistics in her area of study which is Educational Management. According to Kendrick (1997:1) statistics are, â€Å"numbers that help us find patterns in data, such as averages and medians.† Thus statistics looks at how to collect, organise, analyze and interpret numerical information from data. Aczel and Sounderpandian (2002:15) say, â€Å"results from a good statistical analysis are always concise, often precise and useful.† In that light the collection, analysis and storage of statistical data on the educational system become very important to the school manager for the following reasons. The school managers have a responsibility to plan ahead for the system and to do so it calls for him or her to be in the possession of some past and present data. For a manager to plan adequately for the future he or she needs the data on what the past was and what the present is like. Also, for the day to day decision making, the educational managers need data to guide their decisions. For instance, to make purchases for textbooks or furniture the school manager uses data on class sizes and the age of students so as to arrive at the quantities to be purchased. Moreover, data collection, analysis and storage are very important to the school managers in the assessment of the growth and progress of the educational system (Hardy and Bryman, 2009). Data on enrolment, class size and number of teachers will enable a school manager to establish if the school is growing or reducing in size. Also data on enrolment will enable a school manager to see the level of competition around his/her institution. Decrease in enrolment figures may signal stiff competition from a nearby school. Educational data are very vital tools for planning. Kendrick (2000:2) says, â€Å"the better we understand statistics, the better we will be at assessing what is going on in the world around us.† The data on yearly performance of students in the external examinations such as Grade Seven National Exams and Ordinary Level National Exams will show if the school is progressing or not academically. Further,  statistical data collection enables the school manager to identify areas of staff training and retraining needs. For example the data on student’s performance in Mathematics may point to a need to retrain the Mathematics teacher. If such teacher is an NCE holder it may be a pointer for a need to recommend him for in-service training for a degree in Mathematics. In addition, statistical data collection is important in the educational system because it aids accountability in the system (Kendrick, 2000). Periodically, inspectors from the Ministry of Education as well as auditors do visit the schools to monitor how the managers are utilizing the human and material resources. They call for data on these from the school head teacher. The head teacher may also be requested to give such account to Parents Teachers Association or Schools Board of Governors. Another importance of data collection, analysis and storage in the educational system is that it aids projection of resource requirement. This assertion is in line with Levin and Rubin (1998:8) when they say, â€Å"Data can assist decision makers in educated guesses †¦ in given situations.† For the school manager to project the amount of fund that would be needed for the next session there is a need to have data on quantities of stationery needed by both learners and teachers, the number of ancillary staff paid from the school coffers and (3)other running costs. The collection of statistics is important in educational management as highlighted above as it enables one as a school manager to perform duties with precision using calculated guesses. It also aids a school manager to work effectively and efficiently to meet set goals. REFERENCES Durosaro, D.O. (2004) Statistical needs for educational management, Ibadan, Regina sons Book Publishers Kendrick J.R. (1997) Social Statistics: An Introduction using SPSS for Windows, Boston, McGraw-Hill. Levin, R.I. and Rubin, D.S. (1998) Statistics for Management. USA, Prentice-Hall International. Lockhart, R.S. (1998) Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences, New York, W H. Freeman & Company.

Older Adults in the Media

Grand Canyon University December 6, 2009 Older Adults in the Media Grumpy Old Men The story is about two retired older men named John Gustafson and Max Goldman. The two have been friends since they were children. They are constantly playing pranks on each other and giving each other a hard time. The audience finds out that the reason the two fight is because a long time ago John won the heart of the woman Max wanted. Their antics get even crazier when an adventurous single woman moves into the house across the street named Ariel. The two men fawn over her, constantly watching her house from their windows. When Ariel stops by Johns house for a surprise bathroom break at 1:30am Max gets jealous thinking that John is in a sexual relationship with the younger women. Max then pursues Ariel, bringing her flowers and taking her ice fishing. But Ariel says he is just a friend. That is when she begins to pursue John and after a romantic day playing in the snow the two have sex. Well John is tickled pink and is having the most fun he’s had in a long time. When Max finds out he lashes out at John. John figures that he won the first women they fought over and he breaks up with Ariel. Max chases her and the two spend time together but never anything romantic. Then John has a heart attack and Max finds him and calls for help. This is when Ariel comes back into John’s life. The movie skips ahead and we see John and Ariel getting married and the movie ends with the two of them driving away from the wedding. One of the stereotypes I first identified was the title Grumpy Old Men. It implies that old men are grumpy and unhappy with life. The movie goes on to show us that these two men are cranky by them fighting with each other and complaining about things like the price of fishing worms. Another stereotype is that old people are lonely. In the movie we see John playing chess by himself and heating up a TV dinner every night after a whole day spent alone in his fishing shanty. The two men liked to talk about dying and what the best way to go would be. This is a stereotype that goes along with older people liking to talk about their medical aliments. The two men complain about the different medical problems they have had and they try to outdo each other saying that their medical problem was way more painful than the other persons. The men also showed the noisy neighbor stereotype that older people get when they stood outside their houses watching Ariel move in and then talking about it with the rest of the town. Another stereotype is that old people aren’t very good drivers like when John ran into the trash cans all the time or when Max was too distracted to see the UPS driver in front of him. Then after narrowly missing an accident Max says â€Å"watch where you’re going. † One of the funniest characters in the movie was John’s dad. He embodied the classic old man pervert. When John would talk about Ariel he would tell John to â€Å"mount her. † Lastly another stereotype shown was that old men are impotent. Like when John and Max were making fun of their other friend saying he â€Å"couldn’t rise to the occasion. I can’t say that I think that any of the stereotypes are true or untrue. Some of the characteristics describe some older adults I know and some don’t. That is the thing about stereotypes they don’t fit the whole group. I do hold my own stereotypes about older adults but I try to work on not letting them affect my judgm ent of the person. All of the stereotypes I identified in the movie I hold especially about the men being perverted and impotent and that they like to talk about their medical problems. I’ve been to dinner with my Grandma and Grandpa before and all they can do is talk about this doctor’s appointment and that doctor’s appointment. So I’ve seen some of these stereotypes first hand. Yes my understanding of older adults has changed over the semester. I think that working with them and seeing that the stereotypes are not true has helped change my view. All old men are not perverted and the old women are not lonely. I’ve talked with many of the older adults at Banner and Glencroft and I’ve found them to be nice, helpful, and respectful.